Source

State Archives of Florida, Series s235

Description

Report of the Florida National Guard detailing actions taken in response to racial unrest in Groveland, Florida between July 19 and July 24, 1949.

Date

1949-07

Creator

Cooper, Ralph W, 1905-1996

Format

Official Reports

Coverage

Postwar Florida (1945-1968)

Topic

Military and Veterans

Subjects

African Americans--Civil rights
Armed Forces--Officers
Baya, Harry Porcher, Jr. 1911-1993
Burnside, Archie 1916-1967
Communications, Military
Cooper, Ralph W, 1905-1996
Fisher, William A., 1916-1991
Florida National Guard
Futch, Truman Gaskins, Jr., 1891-1960
Gilchrist, Charles Martin, Jr. 1919-1993
Groveland Four Trial (Groveland, Florida : 1949-1952)
Henderson, D. A. (Lieutenant Colonel)
Herlong, James Herbert, 1922-2013
Howell, Oscar Devier, Jr., 1913-1991
Hudson, Paul Victor, 1916-1981
Hunter, Jesse Walton, 1879-1956
Kreigsman, Albert O., Jr, 1917-2004
Lance, Mark Walter, 1898-1966
Lindsey, William, b. 1907
Mabry, Paul Hill, 1916-2006
McCall, Willis Virgil, 1909-1994
McMillan, Henry William, 1911-1990
Moore, Harry Tyson, 1905-1951
Race relations
Racism--United States
Smith, Henry (Lieutenant)
Snyder, Maxwell Cook, 1900-1984
Travelstead, Clyde, 1901-1975
Warren, Fuller, 1905-1973
White, Robert Gentry, 1900-1983
Wright, Frank S., b. 1906

Geographic Term

Groveland
Lake County
Orlando
Orange County
Eustis
Tavares
Raiford
Mascotte
Stukey's Hill
Polk County
Clermont

General Note

On July 16, 1949, Norma Padgett, a 17-year-old white woman from Lake County, Florida, accused four black men of raping her and assaulting her husband after their car stalled on a rural road near the Groveland community. Three of the men Samuel Shepherd, Walter Irvin and Charles Greenlee were quickly apprehended. The fourth suspect, Ernest Thomas, fled the area but was later shot and killed by a sheriff's posse nearly 200 miles away in Madison County. A Lake County jury found Shepherd, Irvin and Greenlee guilty of rape. Shepherd and Irvin were sentenced to death; Greenlee was sentenced to life in prison, likely because of his age. Legal counsel from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) appealed the convictions of Irvin and Shepherd up to the United States Supreme Court, which overturned both convictions in 1950. Lake County officials were eager to retry the case, and in November 1951 Sheriff Willis Virgil McCall traveled to the Florida State Prison at Raiford to pick up Irvin and Shepherd. En route back to Lake County, McCall shot both men. Shepherd died of his wounds, but Irvin survived. Sheriff McCall claimed the two men had attacked him, despite the fact that they were handcuffed together in the backseat of the car. Irvin testified that Sheriff McCall had forced the two men from the car and then shot them both. Irvin was tried once again for rape and again found guilty. The United States Supreme Court declined to rehear the case in 1954, but stayed Irvin's execution just days before it was to take place. Governor LeRoy Collins examined the case and decided to commute Irvin's sentence to life imprisonment, asserting that his guilt had not been established in an absolute and conclusive manner. Greenlee was eventually released from prison on parole in 1960; Irvin was paroled in 1968. In 2017, the Florida Legislature passed a resolution officially apologizing for the handling of this case and calling for the four men to be pardoned. In 2019, Governor Ron DeSantis and the Florida Cabinet, sitting as the State Board of Executive Clemency, posthumously pardoned all four of the men originally accused in the case, with DeSantis calling their experiences with the judicial system a "miscarriage of justice."