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Home Learn Classroom Primary Source Sets Hurricanes and the Great Depression

Primary Source Set
Hurricanes and the Great Depression

Three of Florida's strongest historic hurricanes struck the state in the early 20th century. The practice of naming hurricanes did not begin until the 1950s, so these three hurricanes are known today as the Great Miami Hurricane of 1926, the Okeechobee Hurricane of 1928, and the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane.

The Great Miami Hurricane of 1926 made landfall on Saturday, September 18, 1926, around 2 a.m. Most Floridians had no idea a storm that would now be classified as a Category 4 hurricane was coming. After arriving in the United States, the hurricane caused between $100 and $105 million dollars in damages. Thousands were injured, and in October 1926 the Red Cross reported 372 people had died in the U.S. Many more were missing and presumed dead, and over 40,000 people were left homeless.

Exactly two years later, another powerful hurricane swept through the state. On September 17, 1928, the Okeechobee Hurricane (also known as the San Felipe Segundo Hurricane) made landfall as a modern Category 4 hurricane. Between the Caribbean and the United States, more than 4,000 people died; most of the victims were Black migrant workers around Lake Okeechobee.

While the 1926 and 1928 hurricanes came with little warning to Floridians, the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane was somewhat more expected. Despite this, the storm was devastating. The Weather Bureau issued the first storm advisory on August 31, 1935, and upgraded their warnings to hurricane level by September 1. Yet, for many in the Florida Keys, the warnings came too late for them to evacuate. The hurricane made landfall September 2 with sustained winds of up to 185 mph, which would earn it the label of a Category 5 storm today. Over 400 people died, many of them World War I veterans working on the Overseas Highway as part of a federal relief project.

Powerful storms continued to terrorize Florida residents during the Great Depression, but they were not as extreme. The 1929 Bahamas Hurricane first struck the Bahamas on September 25, 1929, before arriving in the Florida Keys on September 28. Even though it had weakened considerably by the time it reached Florida, it was a slow storm and brought heavy rainfall and flooding to Hialeah, Homestead, Miami, and other areas south of Miami.

Between 1926 and 1939, at least 69 hurricanes formed in the Atlantic. Sixteen of these storms directly impacted Florida. The Great Miami Hurricane marked the end of the Florida land boom of the Roaring '20s and the beginning of a depression that would soon affect the rest of the country. Any hopes of recovering the boom vanished when the Okeechobee Hurricane made landfall. By the time the Labor Day Hurricane struck, the Great Depression had taken hold.

Photo credit: Car blown into damaged road during the 1926 hurricane in Miami Beach.

(State Archives of Florida)


Show full overview

Documents

Shape Note Music:

Shape Note Music: "Florida Storm" by Judge Jackson, 1928

Letter from Kaye to Louise Webber Regarding the Great Miami Hurricane, 1926

Letter from Kaye to Louise Webber Regarding the Great Miami Hurricane, 1926

Letter from Delia Curry to Governor David Sholtz Regarding Storm Damage, 1935

Letter from Delia Curry to Governor David Sholtz Regarding Storm Damage, 1935

Letter from Mabel Ruth Mixon to Governor Doyle E. Carlton, 1930

Letter from Mabel Ruth Mixon to Governor Doyle E. Carlton, 1930

Correspondence Between W. I. Evans and Governor Doyle E. Carlton Regarding Storm Damage in Homestead, Florida, 1929

Correspondence Between W. I. Evans and Governor Doyle E. Carlton Regarding Storm Damage in Homestead, Florida, 1929

Hurricane action shot in Miami Beach, Florida.

Hurricane action shot in Miami Beach, Florida.

Official pass used by relief workers, after the 1926 hurricane - Hollywood, Florida

Official pass used by relief workers, after the 1926 hurricane - Hollywood, Florida

Miami Daily News headline about the hurricane.

Miami Daily News headline about the hurricane.

Vessel blown up on shore : West Palm Beach, Florida.

Vessel blown up on shore : West Palm Beach, Florida.

Map showing flood damage to the Lake Okeechobee area by the hurricanes of 1926 and 1928

Map showing flood damage to the Lake Okeechobee area by the hurricanes of 1926 and 1928

View of residence remains after the 1935 Labor Day hurricane - Cedar Key, Florida.

View of residence remains after the 1935 Labor Day hurricane - Cedar Key, Florida.

Rescue train swept off the tracks by the 1935 Labor Day hurricane

Rescue train swept off the tracks by the 1935 Labor Day hurricane

Map showing projected and actual storm path

Map showing projected and actual storm path

Close-up view showing hurricane damage to the Pancoast Hotel on Collins Avenue in Miami Beach.

Close-up view showing hurricane damage to the Pancoast Hotel on Collins Avenue in Miami Beach.

  • Research Starter
  • Teacher's Guide

Florida Photographic Collection

  • Photos of the 1935 hurricane
  • Photos of the 1928 hurricane
  • Photos of the 1926 hurricane

Additional Primary Sources

  • Munroe, Jessie Wirth. Letter to Susie Wirth. 24 September 1926. ASM0015, Ralph M. Munroe Family Papers, University of Miami Libraries Digital Collections, Miami, FL. https://cdm17191.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/asm0015/id/3979/rec/6
  • Hemingway, Ernest. "Who Murdered the Vets?: A First-Hand Report on the Florida Hurricane." New Masses, September 17, 1935. https://www.monthlyreview.org/mrzine/files/ErnestHemingwayWhoMurderedtheVets.pdf.
  • Florida Hurricane September 17-18, 1926 Album, Finlay B. Matheson Collection, University of Miami Libraries Digital Collections, Miami, FL. https://digitalcollections.library.miami.edu/digital/collection/asm0216/id/4940

Published Secondary Sources

  • Barnes, Jay. Florida's Hurricane History. Chapel Hill: UNC Press Books, 2012.
  • NWS Melbourne, and NWS Miami. "The 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane (September 6-21, 1928)." ArcGIS StoryMaps. Last modified September 18, 2023. https://arcg.is/jj5eb.
  • "The Devastating 1926 Hurricane that Halted the Growth of Miami." America in Color: The 1920s. Smithsonian Channel, June 30, 2017. https://www.si.edu/es/object/yt_LRAJ7Bc0O5E.

Guiding Questions

  • How did the 1926 and 1928 hurricanes contribute to the end of Florida’s land boom?
  • In what ways did the hurricanes of the Great Depression affect the other challenges Floridians faced during that time period?
  • How did the hurricanes of the Great Depression influence the ways agencies like the U.S. Weather Bureau respond to extreme weather events?

Next Generation Sunshine State Standards

  • SS.4.A.7.1: Describe the causes and effects of the 1920’s Florida land boom and bust. Examples may include, but are not limited to, land speculation.
  • SS.4.A.7.2: Summarize challenges Floridians faced during the Great Depression. Examples may include, but are not limited to, the Labor Day hurricane of 1935 and the Mediterranean fruit fly.
  • SS.4.G.1.3: Explain how weather impacts Florida. Examples are hurricanes, thunderstorms, drought, mild climate.
  • SC.6.E.7.7: Investigate how natural disasters have affected human life in Florida.

Document Analysis Worksheets from the National Archives

Document analysis is the first step in working with primary sources. Teach your students to think through primary source documents for contextual understanding and to extract information to make informed judgments. The document analysis worksheets created by the National Archives and Records Administration are in the public domain.

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